Aushaz Irfan

Aushaz Irfan is a PhD candidate in international relations at Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. His research interests include great power competition, geoeconomics, and the alignment strategies of smaller states.

Sanctions Over-Compliance and Financial Exclusion

Over-compliance with sanctions is producing systematic financial exclusion of firms and states outside the formal sanctions perimeter.

By Aushaz Irfan

/ 3 Oct 2026